Aircraft battle damage repair manual Karte
NPFC MIL-DTL-87158 - MANUALS TECHNICAL - AIRCRAFT Aircraft Service Manual Service Schedule Inspection Schedule Engine Instruction & Maintenance Manual Propeller Instruction Manual Airworthiness Limitations
Aircraft Battle Damage Assessment & Repair (ABDAR)
Aircraft Battle Damage Assessment and Repair (ABDAR. TINKER AIR FORCE BASE, Okla. -- The 76th Aircraft Maintenance Group's Expeditionary Depot Maintenance Flight is there just in case of aircraft battle damage repair emergency. When the 22 Airmen who make up the flight receive a call about a damaged aircraft, they're on top of it, thinking outside the box, ensuring that aircraft will make one more flight., 01/01/2005В В· Open Solutions, Inc. proposes to develop a decision support system that makes use of airframe properties (impact location, load factor) and structural failure mode to assist Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) teams in this process. This tool will enhance the ABDR team's ability to evaluate battle damage and develop feasible repair options and.
To help get battle damaged aircraft back into service quickly, the U. S. Navy is developing a kit which could be used to repair FBW flight control system damage - in the field. Its Battle Damage Off: Camera remains stationary at current positi on or in the case of player aircraft, remains with the aircraft. (2) Tactical Map Provides a top down overview of the current battle. Provides access to Options and in-game manual. Provides access to Special Commands for leaving combat or scuttling ships. See section 1.2 Tactical Map for more
MIL-M-87158 Manual, Technical Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (for Aircraft) fuel tanks at potentially critical locations. C-130 Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) technicians from Robins AFB and an ABDR engineer were on-site during the testing to assess damage and repair the test article for each successive shot. KC-130J LFT&E program planning was initiated in FY00. The focus of activities was the
Damage & Repair. are used sparingly in this manual to Battle Damage Repair necessary for the safety, security or proper operation of a ship, aircraft or support system. The. MIL-PRF-87158B, PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION: TECHNICAL MANUALS: AIRCRAFT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR (05 NOV 1996) [SUPERSEDING MIL-M-87158] [S/S BY MIL-DTL-87158]., This performance specification covers requirements for the preparation of technical manuals on aircraft battle damage assessment and repair (ABDAR), and quick repair instructions not included in TO 1-1H …
battle damage repair (*) Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to … Aircraft recovery is a pre-planned mission for all units with assigned or operational control of Army aircraft and may require extensive coordination with supporting units. Aircraft recovery is time sensitive to the tactical situation. Aircraft recovery and maintenance evacuations are closely related, however, maintenance evacuation
NSN 5180-01-502-9507: Kit, BDAR (Battle Damage Assessment and Repair), Maintainer-Level (NSN 5180015029507 / NIIN 015029507) Battle Damage Assessment & Repair Smart Book II _____ WARNING This manual contains nonstandard maintenance procedures. All normal maintenance and safety procedures should be …
MIL-PRF-87158B, PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION: TECHNICAL MANUALS: AIRCRAFT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR (05 NOV 1996) [SUPERSEDING MIL-M-87158] [S/S BY MIL-DTL-87158]., This performance specification covers requirements for the preparation of technical manuals on aircraft battle damage assessment and repair (ABDAR), and quick repair instructions not included in TO 1-1H … 23 May 2019 Ingenuity under pressure HILL AIR FORCE BASE, Utah – Bimonthly exercises keep the 309th Aircraft Maintenance Group’s Expeditionary Depot Maintenance Airmen ready to perform aircraft battle damage repair anytime and anywhere.
Showing page 1. Found 8 sentences matching phrase "Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) CP121 TRACKER (Basic)".Found in 4 ms. Translation memories are created by human, but computer aligned, which might cause mistakes. WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio – Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units. “If a major war were to break out and the Air Force was experiencing a lot of aircraft attrition, we would deploy in an ABDR role,” said 1st Lt. Michael Asselta, Chief of Air
This in return saves the Air Force money and allows aircraft to resume the mission sooner. For example, on September 21, 2017, an EC-130H Compass Call forward nose landing gear door sustained damage caused by a bird strike during flight, requiring combat metals technicians to complete an extensive aircraft battle damage repair. In less than 12 The U.S. Air Force A-10 made it back to base with a shredded nacelle and holes punched into one engine, courtesy of Iraqi gunners. The pilot had done his job, bringing the plane home, now it was
, ROBINS AIR FORCE BASE: Instructors from the 653rd Combat Logistics Support Squadron expanded their training responsibilities in mid-February to teach aircraft battle damage repair to five members from the Japan Air Self-Defense Force. Aircraft battle damage repair, or ABDR, training teaches techniques that help maintainers repair aircraft quickly and… Reports from the repair parties are carefully checked in DCC/CCS. This is done so that immediate action can be taken to isolate damaged systems and to make effective emergency repairs.As reports are received, graphic records of the damage are made on damage control diagrams and status boards under the direction of the DCA. For example, reports on flooding are used to update the status boards
aircraft damaged in combat Objectives: • Develop, test algorithms to guide the thorough assessment of aircraft damage • Identify and test electronic data types to support the assessment and repair of damaged aircraft • Accomplish field test to compare assessment performance between … Fortunately, an aircraft battle damage repair team from Hill Air Force Base, Utah, was already at Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, for just such a crisis.
Aircraft Service Maintenance Manual for Cessna Beechcraft
Battle repair for the air > Tinker Air Force Base > Display. 15/12/2010 · Englischer Ausbildungsfilm der RAF über die Behebung von Beschussschäden an Kampfflugzeugen, 1983., Field manual (FM) 4-30.31 is directed toward both the leader and the technician. Tactically, it provides an overview of how recovery and battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) assets are employed on the battlefield. Technically, it provides principles of resistance ….
Investigation of Damage tpub.com. The real key to realistic battle damage is to evaluate your circumstances. But that I mean determine whether you are building a bird that has survived a harrowing experience and has returned to base, or your going to build a diorama depicting a downed aircraft., This Phase II project will provide ABDR and other aircraft support engineers with a tool that can assist with numerous tedious calculations required to perform their jobs. This tool is unique inasmuch as it is designed from its inception to work in a deployed environment in support of aircraft battle damage repair engineering. However, it will.
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) CP121 TRACKER (Basic
Aircraft Recovery Operations. 14 avr. 2016 - Explorez le tableau « Battle Damage Air » de brunolap, auquel 149 utilisateurs de Pinterest sont abonnés. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Image avion, Avions ww2 et Avion militaire. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_object_damage Aircraft recovery missions include the assessment, repair, and retrieval, if possible, of aircraft forced down due to component malfunction, accident, or combat-related damage that ….
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair Manual The aircraft battle damage repair concept is a proven way for a unit to generate in Air Force Manual 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine, "Our war-fighting capabil. The real key to realistic battle damage is to evaluate your circumstances. But that I mean determine whether you are building a bird that has survived a harrowing experience and has returned to base, or your going to build a diorama depicting a downed aircraft.
In :ormne with te provisins of 4 u.S.C 303= he dipe! rqst, iclding. ndenu. is pproec expt fr i8s thlt wy e arkd "disitior. establishes policy, and assigns responsibilities for AFMC's Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) engineers as they prepare to achieve and maintain the required level of readiness necessary to meet their assigned tasking. HQ AFMC/ENR is the waiver authority for individual
UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES "FEDERICO II" Department of Industrial Engineering - Aerospace Section Doctorate School in Industrial Engineering Ph.D. Course in Aerospace, Naval and Quality Engineering XXVIII cycle Expedient Repair of a Battle-Damaged Composite Fixed-Wing Aircraft Research Supervisor: Prof. Leonardo Lecce Battle damage repair (BDR) can play a key role in the outcome of a war. Promptness, reliability, and effectiveness of repairs affect the availability of aircraft for combat.
The U.S. Air Force A-10 made it back to base with a shredded nacelle and holes punched into one engine, courtesy of Iraqi gunners. The pilot had done his job, bringing the plane home, now it was battle damage repair (*) Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to …
Aspects of battle damage repair of helicopter structures - Volume 114 Issue 1155 - J. Wang, A. Baker. Skip to main content. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Cancel . Log in × × Aircraft recovery missions include the assessment, repair, and retrieval, if possible, of aircraft forced down due to component malfunction, accident, or combat-related damage that …
TRI Austin developed a series of room temperature cure syntactic foam products for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR). A single component elevated temperature cured epoxy syntactic foam was developed that will require a hot bonder or heat blanket cure of the foam. Repair your “wet wing” fuel tank. Consult your aircraft’s maintenance manual for procedures and materials allowed for the fuel tank repair. On a “wet wing” tank, repair involves the resealing of the leaking seams or rivets. To accomplish this, unseal one or more access panels into the tank to gain access.
current US Air Force aircraft battle damage repair program, assessment of aircraft battle damage can be conducted by both specially-trained enlisted military maintenance technicians and military or civilian engineers. Battle damage assessments are conducted and documented following specific procedures aircraft are available from the commercial aircraft manufacturers (i.e. Boeing, Airbus). In case of a small damage, less than a maximum of 4 in. of the total area, the repair can be conducted using the Structural Repair Manual (SRM) issued by the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) of …
Aircraft battle repair system is a complex artificial system. Taking aircraft battle-damaged repair system as an object, this paper analyzed the concept and composition of the aircraft battle-damaged repair system. Then, adopting state space analysis method, the paper studied and established state-space model of the aircraft repair system. This Aircraft Service Maintenance Manual on CD for Cessna, Beechcraft, Mooney, Bellanca, Lycoming, Continental, Stinson and more. IPC parts catalogs, owners …
ABDR - Aircraft Battle Damage Repair. Looking for abbreviations of ABDR? It is Aircraft Battle Damage Repair. Aircraft Battle Damage Repair listed as ABDR Looking for abbreviations of ABDR? It is Aircraft Battle Damage Repair. Aircraft recovery is a pre-planned mission for all units with assigned or operational control of Army aircraft and may require extensive coordination with supporting units. Aircraft recovery is time sensitive to the tactical situation. Aircraft recovery and maintenance evacuations are closely related, however, maintenance evacuation
The real key to realistic battle damage is to evaluate your circumstances. But that I mean determine whether you are building a bird that has survived a harrowing experience and has returned to base, or your going to build a diorama depicting a downed aircraft. MIL-M-87158 Manual, Technical Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (for Aircraft)
The repair procedures for combat damage should be followed with extreme care only after a rigid inspection of the damage has been completed in accordance with the General Manual for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, NAVAIR 01-1A-39. HEAT.— Certain areas of high-performance air-craft are exposed to high temperatures. Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units.
AIRCRAFT METALLIC REPAIR tpub.com
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) (Table 66-15). current US Air Force aircraft battle damage repair program, assessment of aircraft battle damage can be conducted by both specially-trained enlisted military maintenance technicians and military or civilian engineers. Battle damage assessments are conducted and documented following specific procedures, current US Air Force aircraft battle damage repair program, assessment of aircraft battle damage can be conducted by both specially-trained enlisted military maintenance technicians and military or civilian engineers. Battle damage assessments are conducted and documented following specific procedures.
Battle Damage Air Pinterest
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair aircraft swap at Tinker AFB. UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES "FEDERICO II" Department of Industrial Engineering - Aerospace Section Doctorate School in Industrial Engineering Ph.D. Course in Aerospace, Naval and Quality Engineering XXVIII cycle Expedient Repair of a Battle-Damaged Composite Fixed-Wing Aircraft Research Supervisor: Prof. Leonardo Lecce, Off: Camera remains stationary at current positi on or in the case of player aircraft, remains with the aircraft. (2) Tactical Map Provides a top down overview of the current battle. Provides access to Options and in-game manual. Provides access to Special Commands for leaving combat or scuttling ships. See section 1.2 Tactical Map for more.
MIL-PRF-87158B, PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION: TECHNICAL MANUALS: AIRCRAFT BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND REPAIR (05 NOV 1996) [SUPERSEDING MIL-M-87158] [S/S BY MIL-DTL-87158]., This performance specification covers requirements for the preparation of technical manuals on aircraft battle damage assessment and repair (ABDAR), and quick repair instructions not included in TO 1-1H … This paper outlines computational investigations to aid the development of a battle damage repair capability for a helicopter composite main rotor blade. The effectiveness of the proposed repair concept was assessed using a finite element analysis that involved a relative comparison of three models, namely the pristine, damaged and repaired models.
MIL-M-87158 Manual, Technical Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (for Aircraft) Field manual (FM) 4-30.31 is directed toward both the leader and the technician. Tactically, it provides an overview of how recovery and battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) assets are employed on the battlefield. Technically, it provides principles of resistance …
NSN 5180-01-502-9507: Kit, BDAR (Battle Damage Assessment and Repair), Maintainer-Level (NSN 5180015029507 / NIIN 015029507) Define battle damage repair. battle damage repair synonyms, battle damage repair pronunciation, battle damage repair translation, English dictionary definition of battle damage repair. Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to temporary... Battle damage repair - definition of battle damage repair
NSN 5180-01-502-9507: Kit, BDAR (Battle Damage Assessment and Repair), Maintainer-Level (NSN 5180015029507 / NIIN 015029507) Aircraft recovery is a pre-planned mission for all units with assigned or operational control of Army aircraft and may require extensive coordination with supporting units. Aircraft recovery is time sensitive to the tactical situation. Aircraft recovery and maintenance evacuations are closely related, however, maintenance evacuation
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair aircraft swap at Tinker AFB, Okla. By: tiffany.english@journalrecord.com in May 2, 2019 Comments Off on Aircraft Battle Damage Repair aircraft swap at Tinker AFB NSN 5180-01-502-9507: Kit, BDAR (Battle Damage Assessment and Repair), Maintainer-Level (NSN 5180015029507 / NIIN 015029507)
aircraft damaged in combat Objectives: • Develop, test algorithms to guide the thorough assessment of aircraft damage • Identify and test electronic data types to support the assessment and repair of damaged aircraft • Accomplish field test to compare assessment performance between … battle damage assessment report [bdarep] Use to provide a timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force, either lethal or …
6.4.11 Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) Personnel 6.4.11.1 ABDR Engineers. The D-level engineer is key to effecting difficult repairs and making one time flight or helicopter lift decisions. The engineer will: a. Provide direct support for ship and shore-based operational units and in-theatre D-level facilities. WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio – Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units. “If a major war were to break out and the Air Force was experiencing a lot of aircraft attrition, we would deploy in an ABDR role,” said 1st Lt. Michael Asselta, Chief of Air
Aircraft Service Manual Service Schedule Inspection Schedule Engine Instruction & Maintenance Manual Propeller Instruction Manual Airworthiness Limitations The repair procedures for combat damage should be followed with extreme care only after a rigid inspection of the damage has been completed in accordance with the General Manual for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, NAVAIR 01-1A-39. HEAT.— Certain areas of high-performance air-craft are exposed to high temperatures.
The real key to realistic battle damage is to evaluate your circumstances. But that I mean determine whether you are building a bird that has survived a harrowing experience and has returned to base, or your going to build a diorama depicting a downed aircraft. aircraft are available from the commercial aircraft manufacturers (i.e. Boeing, Airbus). In case of a small damage, less than a maximum of 4 in. of the total area, the repair can be conducted using the Structural Repair Manual (SRM) issued by the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) of …
The repair procedures for combat damage should be followed with extreme care only after a rigid inspection of the damage has been completed in accordance with the General Manual for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, NAVAIR 01-1A-39. HEAT.— Certain areas of high-performance air-craft are exposed to high temperatures. 02/02/2007 · Exception: Discrepancies resulting from battle damage will not be documented on the 781A. TO 1-1H-39, General Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) technical manual, contains specific instructions on documenting aerospace vehicle battle damage repairs.
17 Images of Damaged B-17 Bombers That Miraculously Made. Battle Damage Assessment & Repair Smart Book II _____ WARNING This manual contains nonstandard maintenance procedures. All normal maintenance and safety procedures should be …, This paper outlines computational investigations to aid the development of a battle damage repair capability for a helicopter composite main rotor blade. The effectiveness of the proposed repair concept was assessed using a finite element analysis that involved a relative comparison of three models, namely the pristine, damaged and repaired models..
AFLCMC brings Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering to
Battle damage repair definition of battle damage repair. The U.S. Air Force A-10 made it back to base with a shredded nacelle and holes punched into one engine, courtesy of Iraqi gunners. The pilot had done his job, bringing the plane home, now it was, battle damage repair (*) Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to ….
Aircraft Battle Damage Repair Manual. aircraft damaged in combat Objectives: • Develop, test algorithms to guide the thorough assessment of aircraft damage • Identify and test electronic data types to support the assessment and repair of damaged aircraft • Accomplish field test to compare assessment performance between …, Reports from the repair parties are carefully checked in DCC/CCS. This is done so that immediate action can be taken to isolate damaged systems and to make effective emergency repairs.As reports are received, graphic records of the damage are made on damage control diagrams and status boards under the direction of the DCA. For example, reports on flooding are used to update the status boards.
Aspects of battle damage repair of helicopter structures
i2 o AD-A278 635 or 1. The repair procedures for combat damage should be followed with extreme care only after a rigid inspection of the damage has been completed in accordance with the General Manual for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, NAVAIR 01-1A-39. HEAT.— Certain areas of high-performance air-craft are exposed to high temperatures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_cycle Field manual (FM) 4-30.31 is directed toward both the leader and the technician. Tactically, it provides an overview of how recovery and battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) assets are employed on the battlefield. Technically, it provides principles of resistance ….
Aircraft battle damage repair, or ABDR, training teaches techniques that help maintainers repair aircraft quickly and return them to the fight, said Tech. Sgt. Glen Weaver, a training instructor for the ABDR program here. Most of the repair techniques focus on damage that occurs in battle. However, maintainers can apply repair techniques to Aircraft battle repair system is a complex artificial system. Taking aircraft battle-damaged repair system as an object, this paper analyzed the concept and composition of the aircraft battle-damaged repair system. Then, adopting state space analysis method, the paper studied and established state-space model of the aircraft repair system. This
MIL-DTL-87158 Technical Manuals: Aircraft Battle Damage Assessment And Repair This detail specification covers requirements for the preparation of technical manuals on aircraft battle damage assessment and repair \(ABDAR\), and quick repair instructions not included in TO 1-1H-39/NAVAIR 01-1A-39. Aircraft specific manuals will describe quick ABDAR procedures to be applied to the specific aircraft. Battle damage repair (BDR) can play a key role in the outcome of a war. Promptness, reliability, and effectiveness of repairs affect the availability of aircraft for combat.
The U.S. Air Force A-10 made it back to base with a shredded nacelle and holes punched into one engine, courtesy of Iraqi gunners. The pilot had done his job, bringing the plane home, now it was We have got long-term experience with the inspection, assessment and rectification of aircraft structural damage and repairs for many EASA-/FAA-registered* aircraft types according to our EASA Part-145 certificate. All tasks listed can be implemented in one of our service centers or externally upon request.
Aircraft battle damage repair, or ABDR, training teaches techniques that help maintainers repair aircraft quickly and return them to the fight, said Tech. Sgt. Glen Weaver, a training instructor for the ABDR program here. Most of the repair techniques focus on damage that occurs in battle. However, maintainers can apply repair techniques to determine whether aircraft battle damage repair CABDR) will become the "logistics center of gravity" by the year 2000. To do this, this report reviews the requirement for battle damage repair in the combat environment from both a historical and a future perspectivej reviews the current
Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units. WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, Ohio – Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units. “If a major war were to break out and the Air Force was experiencing a lot of aircraft attrition, we would deploy in an ABDR role,” said 1st Lt. Michael Asselta, Chief of Air
inch-pound mil-dtl-87158d 15 june 2016 superseding mil-dtl-87158c 13 july 2011 detail specification manuals, technical - aircraft battle damageassessmentandrepair Aircraft Battle Damage Repair Combat aircraft that are damaged and sitting on the ground are com-pletely useless to air component commanders. The goal of the United States Air Force's Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) Program is to rapidly restore these damaged aircraft to …
This work, Soldiers participate in recovery, battle damage repair to aircraft, by Capt. Shawn Naigle, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https: Field manual (FM) 4-30.31 is directed toward both the leader and the technician. Tactically, it provides an overview of how recovery and battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR) assets are employed on the battlefield. Technically, it provides principles of resistance …
Air Battle Damage Repair Engineering (ABDRE) is a crucial Air Force readiness function. It allows deployed engineers to make quick repairs to support assets in field units. The repair procedures for combat damage should be followed with extreme care only after a rigid inspection of the damage has been completed in accordance with the General Manual for Aircraft Battle Damage Repair, NAVAIR 01-1A-39. HEAT.— Certain areas of high-performance air-craft are exposed to high temperatures.
(a) Assess aircraft damage and determine if a repair is authorized in the structural repair manual (SRM) or ABDR manual and can be made within time constraints with available materials and skills, (b) determine if general serviceability of damaged aircraft can be quickly and safely restored, and 653rd CLSS maintenance instructors provide aircraft battle damage repair training to Japan Air Self Defense Force . By Amanda Creel, 78th Air Base Wing Public Affairs / Published February 23, 2007
establishes policy, and assigns responsibilities for AFMC's Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR) engineers as they prepare to achieve and maintain the required level of readiness necessary to meet their assigned tasking. HQ AFMC/ENR is the waiver authority for individual Aircraft Battle Damage Repair aircraft swap at Tinker AFB, Okla. By: tiffany.english@journalrecord.com in May 2, 2019 Comments Off on Aircraft Battle Damage Repair aircraft swap at Tinker AFB
determine whether aircraft battle damage repair CABDR) will become the "logistics center of gravity" by the year 2000. To do this, this report reviews the requirement for battle damage repair in the combat environment from both a historical and a future perspectivej reviews the current This detail specification covers requirements for the preparation of technical manuals on Aircraft Battle Damage Assessment and Repair (ABDAR), and quick repair instructions not included in TO 1-1H-39/NAVAIR 01-1A-39. Aircraft specific manuals will describe quick ABDAR procedures to be applied to the specific aircraft. Duplication of
