Australian cattle dog training pdf Rokewood Junction

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Training Australian Cattle Dogs Sensible Dog Training Being mentally prepared to train your Australian Cattle Dog really is half the battle. Some things that will help along the way are: Knowledge: Talk to farmers and trainers who have successfully trained heelers to do work.Learn the best techniques to teach your dog the skills it will need.

AUSTRALIAN CATTLE DOG

Australian Cattle Dog Breed and Training Information. An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention., The other side of this loyalty is that Australian Cattle Dogs can be fiercely protective of what they perceive to be theirs. Without proper training and socialization, they may try to decide if a person, dog, or object is to be treated in a friendly welcoming manner, or if it should be bossed around as a threat to the homestead. With proper.

All about the Australian Cattle Dog. The tips and information provided on this website are the opinions of the author. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, and other affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other sites Your online resource on how to train and care for your Australian Cattle Dog. We have all the materials that you need be it book, blogs, even accessories

The other side of this loyalty is that Australian Cattle Dogs can be fiercely protective of what they perceive to be theirs. Without proper training and socialization, they may try to decide if a person, dog, or object is to be treated in a friendly welcoming manner, or if it should be bossed around as a threat to the homestead. With proper Australian Cattle Dog Origin and Purpose The Australian Cattle Dog was developed to assist with the development of the cattle industry in early Australian conditions. The principal requirement was a strong biting dog capable of mustering and moving wild cattle. The long distances to be travelled made it essential that such a dog possess great

05/03/2017 · The Complete Australian Cattle Dog [John Holmes, Mary Holmes] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The Australian Cattle Dog was developed as a breed by stockmen who wanted a tough, working dog who could drive cattle in the harsh environment of the Australian outback. A number of different dogs were used to produce the ideal type An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

Australian Cattle Dogs are highly intellegent and independent thinkers who tend to react to agression with agression. A Cattle Dog needs to be trained or they will find their own things to do which may not please you. A positive style of training rewarding with food, toys or life rewards is the most efective way of training a cattle dog. All in all, a stunning solid working dog. Australian Cattle Dog Breed Summary: This high energy dog is intelligent, loyal and fearless. Brief frequent training sessions have more impact than infrequent longer ones as the ACD becomes frustrated with repetitive routines and will be unresponsive to its handler.

Also keep in mind that not all health problems impact on a dog’s potential lifespan, of course. It always helps too to feed your Australian Cattle Dog nourishing food. Blue Heeler Shedding. Australian Cattle Dogs shed a lot of fur, but the coat is relatively easy to maintain and care for. An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

Dogs are often beloved members of ranch families, but too often, they are poorly trained and are more pesky tag-alongs than valuable assistance when working cattle. Here are three tips for training your cow dog to work livestock. An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

Add your dog's weighings and compare them to other registered dogs . See all weighings of Australian Cattle Dog - Female saved by users.. Growth of Australian Cattle Dog male: According to its size, the weight of the Australian Cattle Dog male at 3 months should be between 6.3 and 6.5 kg. It's also known as Australian cattle dog or cattle dog. Training a Blue Heeler is almost the same job as of training any other dog. Just that, you’ll need to channel his enormous energy and wilfulness, might take some more time to puzzle out who is training whom. Best tools for Blue heeler puppy training Dog collars and collars with remote. Dog collars and collars with remote is a best

HomeTuesday 2019-11-05 4:35:29 am Best 11+ How To Train An Australian Cattle Dog Free Instant Download PDF Video 6 Best Free Online Dog Training Video Courses Best Guide How to train an australian cattle dog for dog training Ideas and more Free Download PDF Ebook Video. The Australian Cattle Dog is a serious working dog, bred to herd dangerous livestock without the benefit of human instruction. A cross between the Scottish Highland Collie, the Dalmatian, Kelpie, Bull Terrier and wild Dingo, the ACD is a intelligent dog used to acting first and asking questions later.

How to Train an Australian Shepherd. Australian shepherds are herding dogs that are popular pets. They are very intelligent dogs that thrive when thoroughly trained, but you might not be sure where to start. Luckily, we've done the... )# Australian Cattle Dog Training Methods - free download no reviews )# Puppy Barking While Crate Training ~ pdf free )# Therapy Dog In Training Vests For Sale and book work

How to Train an Australian Shepherd. Australian shepherds are herding dogs that are popular pets. They are very intelligent dogs that thrive when thoroughly trained, but you might not be sure where to start. Luckily, we've done the... 29/10/2018 · Australian Cattle Dog Training Book for Dogs and Puppies by Bone Up Dog Training: Are You Ready to Bone Up? Easy Training * Fast Results Australian Cattle Dog Book [Mrs Karen Douglas Kane] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Australian Cattle Dog Training Book for Dogs & Puppies by BoneUp Dog Training >Simple Steps

Australian Cattle Dog. Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions., It's also known as Australian cattle dog or cattle dog. Training a Blue Heeler is almost the same job as of training any other dog. Just that, you’ll need to channel his enormous energy and wilfulness, might take some more time to puzzle out who is training whom. Best tools for Blue heeler puppy training Dog collars and collars with remote. Dog collars and collars with remote is a best.

AUSTRALIAN CATTLE DOG

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Best 17+ How To Train An Australian Cattle Dog Downloads. Being mentally prepared to train your Australian Cattle Dog really is half the battle. Some things that will help along the way are: Knowledge: Talk to farmers and trainers who have successfully trained heelers to do work.Learn the best techniques to teach your dog the skills it will need., 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!.

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Texas Heeler – The Australian Shepherd Australian Cattle. Add your dog's weighings and compare them to other registered dogs . See all weighings of Australian Cattle Dog - Female saved by users.. Growth of Australian Cattle Dog male: According to its size, the weight of the Australian Cattle Dog male at 3 months should be between 6.3 and 6.5 kg., HomeTuesday 2019-11-05 4:35:29 am Best 11+ How To Train An Australian Cattle Dog Free Instant Download PDF Video 6 Best Free Online Dog Training Video Courses Best Guide How to train an australian cattle dog for dog training Ideas and more Free Download PDF Ebook Video..

Australian Cattle Dog Dog Breed Information

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Australian Cattle Dog Breed and Training Information. Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding_dog 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!.

Australian cattle dog training pdf


The Australian Cattle Dog thrives on change and new experiences, and many handlers find training the breed challenging for this reason. An Australian Cattle Dog can excel in obedience competition. It will enjoy the challenges, such as retrieving a scented article, but the breed's problem-solving ability may lead it to find solutions to problems An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

All about the Australian Cattle Dog. The tips and information provided on this website are the opinions of the author. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, and other affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other sites Australian Cattle Dogs are highly intellegent and independent thinkers who tend to react to agression with agression. A Cattle Dog needs to be trained or they will find their own things to do which may not please you. A positive style of training rewarding with food, toys or life rewards is the most efective way of training a cattle dog.

All in all, a stunning solid working dog. Australian Cattle Dog Breed Summary: This high energy dog is intelligent, loyal and fearless. Brief frequent training sessions have more impact than infrequent longer ones as the ACD becomes frustrated with repetitive routines and will be unresponsive to its handler. Outline Australian Cattle Dogs - Farm and Stockdog Training, Texarkana, Texas. 369 likes · 77 talking about this. Stock lessons or board and train options. Contact for availability. Lamb available...

Australian Cattle Dog Download Extended Breed Standard (pdf) Download Breed Standard (pdf) A breed standard is the guideline which describes the ideal characteristics, temperament, and appearance of a breed and ensures that the breed is fit for function with soundness essential. Breeders and judges should at all times be mindful of features which could be detrimental in any way to the health Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions.

Australian Cattle Dog Training. How To Train Your Australian Cattle Dog … Easily! Menu Home; About; Blog; Contact; Scroll down to content. Home. Welcome to your site! This is your homepage, which is what most visitors will see when they come to your site for the first time. A homepage section. This is an example of a homepage section. Homepage sections can be any page other than the homepage 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!

An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention. dogs and three bitches. Over the years Australian Kelpies have been exported to Norway, Sweden, USA, New Zealand and many other countries. The Standard was adopted by the Australian National Kennel Council, effective from 1st January 1963. Prior to this the controlling bodies of the various Australian …

Once you successfully established yourself as the Alpha, training your Australian Cattle Dog and making him listen will be a lot easier than you can imagine. Remember, if your Australian Cattle Dog does not learn to "listen", all your training efforts will be in vain! Being mentally prepared to train your Australian Cattle Dog really is half the battle. Some things that will help along the way are: Knowledge: Talk to farmers and trainers who have successfully trained heelers to do work.Learn the best techniques to teach your dog the skills it will need.

11/05/2018 · In this video, I give you 5 training tips for your dog! These tips will help you out while taking your dog on walks, & socializing them. My cattle dog is weary of strangers human & canine- so in Also keep in mind that not all health problems impact on a dog’s potential lifespan, of course. It always helps too to feed your Australian Cattle Dog nourishing food. Blue Heeler Shedding. Australian Cattle Dogs shed a lot of fur, but the coat is relatively easy to maintain and care for.

All about the Australian Cattle Dog. The tips and information provided on this website are the opinions of the author. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, and other affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other sites Early socialization and obedience training are a must for the Australian Cattle Dog. The ACD is a highly intelligent, energetic breed that is only really happy when on the job. Therefore

Australian Cattle Dog Training. How To Train Your Australian Cattle Dog … Easily! Menu Home; About; Blog; Contact; Scroll down to content. Home. Welcome to your site! This is your homepage, which is what most visitors will see when they come to your site for the first time. A homepage section. This is an example of a homepage section. Homepage sections can be any page other than the homepage Australian Cattle Dog Download Extended Breed Standard (pdf) Download Breed Standard (pdf) A breed standard is the guideline which describes the ideal characteristics, temperament, and appearance of a breed and ensures that the breed is fit for function with soundness essential. Breeders and judges should at all times be mindful of features which could be detrimental in any way to the health

Australian cattle dog training pdf

dogs and three bitches. Over the years Australian Kelpies have been exported to Norway, Sweden, USA, New Zealand and many other countries. The Standard was adopted by the Australian National Kennel Council, effective from 1st January 1963. Prior to this the controlling bodies of the various Australian … An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

3 tips for training your cattle dog to work stock Beef

Australian cattle dog training pdf

3 tips for training your cattle dog to work stock Beef. )# Australian Cattle Dog Training Methods - free download no reviews )# Puppy Barking While Crate Training ~ pdf free )# Therapy Dog In Training Vests For Sale and book work, 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!.

Outline Australian Cattle Dogs Farm and Stockdog Training

Nyx 6 months Australian Cattle Dog Tricks & Fun Puppy. "Respect Training" is the dog training method I use and recommend for training Australian Cattle Dogs. A dog who respects you will do what you say and will stop what he's doing when you tell him "No." Teaching your dog to respect you means interacting with him in specific ways that encourage respect., The other side of this loyalty is that Australian Cattle Dogs can be fiercely protective of what they perceive to be theirs. Without proper training and socialization, they may try to decide if a person, dog, or object is to be treated in a friendly welcoming manner, or if it should be bossed around as a threat to the homestead. With proper.

Farmers developed the Australian Cattle Dog in the early 1800s from the Smithfield-type working dog of England.The aim was to produce a good working dog suitable for Australian conditions that was also silent.. It took many attempts and iterations before the Australian Cattle Dog was born. All about the Australian Cattle Dog. The tips and information provided on this website are the opinions of the author. This site is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, and other affiliate advertising programs designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other sites

Early socialization and obedience training are a must for the Australian Cattle Dog. The ACD is a highly intelligent, energetic breed that is only really happy when on the job. Therefore All in all, a stunning solid working dog. Australian Cattle Dog Breed Summary: This high energy dog is intelligent, loyal and fearless. Brief frequent training sessions have more impact than infrequent longer ones as the ACD becomes frustrated with repetitive routines and will be unresponsive to its handler.

How to Train an Australian Shepherd. Australian shepherds are herding dogs that are popular pets. They are very intelligent dogs that thrive when thoroughly trained, but you might not be sure where to start. Luckily, we've done the... Australian cattle dog training is extremely important, because a high-energy herding dog without training can destroy your house and yard, and can even start nipping.. Exercise, Exercise, Exercise. Australian cattle dogs need exercise. They are bred to herd cattle and can't spend all day cooped up in the house.

Australian Cattle Dog Training. How To Train Your Australian Cattle Dog … Easily! Menu Home; About; Blog; Contact; Scroll down to content. Home. Welcome to your site! This is your homepage, which is what most visitors will see when they come to your site for the first time. A homepage section. This is an example of a homepage section. Homepage sections can be any page other than the homepage 18/04/2019 · How to Care for an Australian Cattle Dog. Australian Cattle Dogs, also known as Blue Heelers, are very intelligent, versatile, and active dogs. They are both excellent and effective working cattle dogs and extraordinarily family pets. They...

Also keep in mind that not all health problems impact on a dog’s potential lifespan, of course. It always helps too to feed your Australian Cattle Dog nourishing food. Blue Heeler Shedding. Australian Cattle Dogs shed a lot of fur, but the coat is relatively easy to maintain and care for. Early socialization and obedience training are a must for the Australian Cattle Dog. The ACD is a highly intelligent, energetic breed that is only really happy when on the job. Therefore

Also keep in mind that not all health problems impact on a dog’s potential lifespan, of course. It always helps too to feed your Australian Cattle Dog nourishing food. Blue Heeler Shedding. Australian Cattle Dogs shed a lot of fur, but the coat is relatively easy to maintain and care for. Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions.

The other side of this loyalty is that Australian Cattle Dogs can be fiercely protective of what they perceive to be theirs. Without proper training and socialization, they may try to decide if a person, dog, or object is to be treated in a friendly welcoming manner, or if it should be bossed around as a threat to the homestead. With proper 11/05/2018 · In this video, I give you 5 training tips for your dog! These tips will help you out while taking your dog on walks, & socializing them. My cattle dog is weary of strangers human & canine- so in

18/04/2019 · How to Care for an Australian Cattle Dog. Australian Cattle Dogs, also known as Blue Heelers, are very intelligent, versatile, and active dogs. They are both excellent and effective working cattle dogs and extraordinarily family pets. They... Australian cattle dog training is extremely important, because a high-energy herding dog without training can destroy your house and yard, and can even start nipping.. Exercise, Exercise, Exercise. Australian cattle dogs need exercise. They are bred to herd cattle and can't spend all day cooped up in the house.

Australian Cattle Dogs Of Idaho. 228 likes. Raising awesome pets and great workers! We love our ACD’s!! Great family breed. If you want an amazing pet, companion or worker get an ACD! Parents of all... Your special Australian Cattle Dog Training Course has been developed by the Australian Cattle Dog Training Institute, which has a passionate history of dedication to the welfare of Australian Cattle Dogs and actively supports grass root activities for the proper breeding and care of this special breed.

An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention. dogs and three bitches. Over the years Australian Kelpies have been exported to Norway, Sweden, USA, New Zealand and many other countries. The Standard was adopted by the Australian National Kennel Council, effective from 1st January 1963. Prior to this the controlling bodies of the various Australian …

Australian Cattle Dog Training Tips VetInfo

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Blue Heeler (Australian cattle dog) personalities and. 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!, Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions..

12 Amazing Australian Dog Breeds (DOGS OF AUSTRALIA)

Australian cattle dog training pdf

Nyx 6 months Australian Cattle Dog Tricks & Fun Puppy. Early socialization and obedience training are a must for the Australian Cattle Dog. The ACD is a highly intelligent, energetic breed that is only really happy when on the job. Therefore https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvier_australien Australian Cattle Dogs Of Idaho. 228 likes. Raising awesome pets and great workers! We love our ACD’s!! Great family breed. If you want an amazing pet, companion or worker get an ACD! Parents of all....

Australian cattle dog training pdf


"Australian Cattle Dog Training Secrets" is an innovative guide on Australian Cattle Dog dogs and is the result of years of research. All tips, techniques and secrets regarding Australian Cattle Dog dogs is now available in simple English, explained in a way that anyone can interpret... you don’t have to be a canine specialist to understand. 16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun!

Incredibly Handy Tips on Training a Blue Heeler. Blue Heeler or Australian Cattle Dog are a popular choice of breed, especially with those who have livestock and acres of land to guard. To perform their duties as a good herding dog he needs to be trained well. Your special Australian Cattle Dog Training Course has been developed by the Australian Cattle Dog Training Institute, which has a passionate history of dedication to the welfare of Australian Cattle Dogs and actively supports grass root activities for the proper breeding and care of this special breed.

It's also known as Australian cattle dog or cattle dog. Training a Blue Heeler is almost the same job as of training any other dog. Just that, you’ll need to channel his enormous energy and wilfulness, might take some more time to puzzle out who is training whom. Best tools for Blue heeler puppy training Dog collars and collars with remote. Dog collars and collars with remote is a best All in all, a stunning solid working dog. Australian Cattle Dog Breed Summary: This high energy dog is intelligent, loyal and fearless. Brief frequent training sessions have more impact than infrequent longer ones as the ACD becomes frustrated with repetitive routines and will be unresponsive to its handler.

16/10/2018 · Discover, lean and have fun! Outline Australian Cattle Dogs - Farm and Stockdog Training, Texarkana, Texas. 369 likes · 77 talking about this. Stock lessons or board and train options. Contact for availability. Lamb available...

Your special Australian Cattle Dog Training Course has been developed by the Australian Cattle Dog Training Institute, which has a passionate history of dedication to the welfare of Australian Cattle Dogs and actively supports grass root activities for the proper breeding and care of this special breed. "Respect Training" is the dog training method I use and recommend for training Australian Cattle Dogs. A dog who respects you will do what you say and will stop what he's doing when you tell him "No." Teaching your dog to respect you means interacting with him in specific ways that encourage respect.

How to Train an Australian Shepherd. Australian shepherds are herding dogs that are popular pets. They are very intelligent dogs that thrive when thoroughly trained, but you might not be sure where to start. Luckily, we've done the... "Respect Training" is the dog training method I use and recommend for training Australian Cattle Dogs. A dog who respects you will do what you say and will stop what he's doing when you tell him "No." Teaching your dog to respect you means interacting with him in specific ways that encourage respect.

"Respect Training" is the dog training method I use and recommend for training Australian Cattle Dogs. A dog who respects you will do what you say and will stop what he's doing when you tell him "No." Teaching your dog to respect you means interacting with him in specific ways that encourage respect. It's also known as Australian cattle dog or cattle dog. Training a Blue Heeler is almost the same job as of training any other dog. Just that, you’ll need to channel his enormous energy and wilfulness, might take some more time to puzzle out who is training whom. Best tools for Blue heeler puppy training Dog collars and collars with remote. Dog collars and collars with remote is a best

Australian Cattle Dog History. The Australian Cattle Dog breed—also referred to as Blue or Queensland Heeler—originated in Australia in the mid- to late-1800s. Cattlemen needed dogs to aid in herding, specifically Heelers, over long distances in extreme conditions. 29/10/2018 · Australian Cattle Dog Training Book for Dogs and Puppies by Bone Up Dog Training: Are You Ready to Bone Up? Easy Training * Fast Results Australian Cattle Dog Book [Mrs Karen Douglas Kane] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Australian Cattle Dog Training Book for Dogs & Puppies by BoneUp Dog Training >Simple Steps

The Australian Cattle Dog is a serious working dog, bred to herd dangerous livestock without the benefit of human instruction. A cross between the Scottish Highland Collie, the Dalmatian, Kelpie, Bull Terrier and wild Dingo, the ACD is a intelligent dog used to acting first and asking questions later. Australian Cattle Dog Highlights The Australian Cattle Dog is extremely active, both physically and mentally. He needs a regular job or activity to keep him busy, tired, and out of trouble. Nipping and biting is the Australian Cattle Dog's natural instinct. Proper training, socialization, and supervision

Australian Cattle Dog Download Extended Breed Standard (pdf) Download Breed Standard (pdf) A breed standard is the guideline which describes the ideal characteristics, temperament, and appearance of a breed and ensures that the breed is fit for function with soundness essential. Breeders and judges should at all times be mindful of features which could be detrimental in any way to the health An excellent family pet, the Australian Cattle Dog is renowned for his devotion. He will lay down his life to protect his family. Cattle dogs have been known to rescue children from drowning, from the threat of snakes and from the unwanted attention of strangers. Burglars warrant special attention.

The other side of this loyalty is that Australian Cattle Dogs can be fiercely protective of what they perceive to be theirs. Without proper training and socialization, they may try to decide if a person, dog, or object is to be treated in a friendly welcoming manner, or if it should be bossed around as a threat to the homestead. With proper Australian Cattle Dogs Of Idaho. 228 likes. Raising awesome pets and great workers! We love our ACD’s!! Great family breed. If you want an amazing pet, companion or worker get an ACD! Parents of all...